Published by the Swedish Institute of Classical Studies in Rome. Distributed by Astrom Editions.
Acquarossa. Results of excavations conducted by the Swedish Institute of Classical Studies at Rome and the Soprintendenza alle Antichità dell’Etruria Meridionale
Vol. 1. The painted architectural terracottas
Fasc. 1. Catalogue and architectural context
Bibliographical information
Charlotte Wikander 1988. Acquarossa. Results of excavations conducted by the Swedish Institute of Classical Studies at Rome and the Soprintendenza alle Antichità dell’Etruria Meridionale vol. 1. The painted architectural terracottas fasc. 1. Catalogue and architectural context (Skrifter utgivna av Svenska institutet i Rom-4°, 38:1:1), Gothenburg. ISSN 0081-993X. ISBN 9789170420801.
Fasc. 2. Typological and decorative analysis
Abstract
This book contains the analysis and discussion of the painted terracottas of private houses excavated at the Etruscan acropolis of Acquarossa in Central Italy. The terracottas treated have previously been published in Acquarossa I:1. The first part (Ch. I–III) treats typological and technical questions, and the archaeological evidence for the distribution of terracottas on individual roofs and the decorative contents of individual roofs. The second part (Ch. IV–V) deals with the painted decoration: the patterns represented in the painted material and the derivation of these patterns. Ch. VI and VII contain chronological, stylistic and general conclusions. The archaeological terracottas of Acquarossa form part of the as yet earliest known terracotta reprtoire of Etruria, from at least the last quarter of the VII century. The terracotta production at the site is divided into three phases: the earliest (Phase 1), from the last quarter of the VII century, is a stage where the models for architectural terracottas taken from Greece are as yet imperfectly known, and particularly the painted decoration is founded on the local ceramic production. In the second stage (Phase 2), from c. 575 B.C., architectural models of non-local origins are known, a stage which presupposes contacts with architectural traditions of the Greek world. In the final phase, strictly speaking outside the scope of this book, which also coincides with the last period of Etruscan occupation of the site, architectural decoration for private houses is abandoned and mould-made decoration is used only for public buildings.
Bibliographical information
Charlotte Wikander, Acquarossa. Results of excavations conducted by the Swedish Institute of Classical Studies at Rome and the Soprintendenza alle Antichità dell’Etruria Meridionale vol. 1. The painted architectural terracottas fasc. 2. Typological and decorative analysis (Skrifter utgivna av Svenska institutet i Rom-4°, 38:1:2), Gothenburg 1988. ISSN 0081-993X. ISBN 9789170421341.
Vol. 2. Cooking and cooking stands
Fasc. 1. Cooking and cooking stands in Italy 1400–400 B.C.
Abstract
This study is an endeavour to classify Italic cooking stands and discuss the evidence for places and methods of cooking in Late Bronze and Iron Age Italy with the help of comparative evidence mainly from Greece. The study is an outcome of my work with the publication of the cooking stands from the Etruscan settlement of Acquarossa (Acquarossa II:2). Although essential, the subject of the study has for long been a neglected aspect of human life. The principal characteristics of cooking stands, stands, braziers, cooking braziers and other related objects are defined. The classification of the cooking stands results in three types, all further divided into variants. Cooking stands of type I are shown to have been used during the Late Bronze and Iron Ages; some geographical and chronological differences between the variants are established. Cooking stands of types II and III are shown to have been used mainly in Etruria in the second half of the 7th and in the 6th centuries B.C. A survey of cooking stands and braziers in the Mediterranean area and beyond shows that type I has affinities with cooking stands in central Europe. Types II and III, found also in Greece and Asia Minor and the Near East, may have been introduced by the Greeks. The comparative evidence also shows that these ordinary, household objects were subjected to but few and insignificant changes during the ages. The most important technical improvement was the cooking brazier, one type of which is still found in the Mediterranean area today. The problem of identifying kitchens is discussed. A hearth is not enough; for a safer identification one has to rely on further secondary evidence like plastered floors, shelves, drains, household pottery and/or the vicinity to a dining room. An inventory of possible “cooking places” shows that much cooking must have been done outside. Functional aspects of cooking stands and braziers and different methods of cooking and baking are also treated.
Bibliographical information
Charlotte Scheffer 1981. Acquarossa. Results of excavations conducted by the Swedish Institute of Classical Studies at Rome and the Soprintendenza alle Antichità dell’Etruria Meridionale vol. 2. Cooking and cooking stands fasc. 1. Cooking and cooking stands in Italy 1400–400 B.C. (Skrifter utgivna av Svenska institutet i Rom-4°, 38:2:1), Gothenburg. ISSN 0081-993X. ISBN 9789170420818.
Fasc. 2. The cooking stands
Bibliographical information
Charlotte Scheffer 1982. Acquarossa. Results of excavations conducted by the Swedish Institute of Classical Studies at Rome and the Soprintendenza alle Antichità dell’Etruria Meridionale vol. 2. Cooking and cooking stands fasc. 2. The cooking stands (Skrifter utgivna av Svenska institutet i Rom-4°, 38:2:2), Gothenburg. ISSN 0081-993X. ISBN 9789170420825.
Vol. 3. Zone A
By Maja-Brita Lundgren & Leni Wendt
Bibliographical information
Maja-Brita Lundgren & Leni Wendt 1982. Acquarossa. Results of excavations conducted by the Swedish Institute of Classical Studies at Rome and the Soprintendenza alle Antichità dell’Etruria Meridionale vol. 3. Zone A (Skrifter utgivna av Svenska institutet i Rom-4°, 38:3), Gothenburg. ISSN 0081-993X. ISBN 9789170420832.
Vol. 4. Early Etruscan akroteria from Acquarossa and Poggio Civitate (Murlo)
By Eva Rystedt
Abstract
Two kinds of early Etruscan akroteria—cut out and relief-modelled—are presented and analyzed for the first time in this study. The material comes from the sites of Acquarossa and Poggio Civitate (Murlo), where it belonged to the decoration of residential architecture. Starting from the fragments (numbering 182), the minimum number of akroteria once present at the two sites is calculated (52), with the help of various criteria. Their relationship to the single buildings is discussed on the basis of find-places. An analysis of their arrangement on the roofs show them to conform to three different systems: one of these is closely parallelled by ash urns in the shape of houses from Cerveteri. In the matter of technique, the cut-out akroteria are distinguished by their manufacture individually through cutting, and so are a witness to a stage of production preceeding the use of moulds. The relief-modelled akroteria were probably also handmade. Iconographically and stylistically the akroteria are shown to conform well with the tendencies of the early Etruscan arts in general, being sometimes adaptations of designs current in the minor arts. On the whole, they testify to the ambitions of socially leading classes to embellish not only the interior but also the exterior of their houses. A majority may be dated with the help of stratigraphy or iconography/style or a combination; most of the cut-out akroteria thus fall in the period of 625–575 B.C. (Late Orientalizing), the relief-moulded ones around 575 B.C. (beginning in the Archaic period). Similar material is clearly documented in Tuscania only, but indirect evidence suggests a widespread, original presence in Etruria of at least the cut-out akroterion. The apparent lack of corresponding akroteria in the Greek world, together with the early documented, Italic propensity towards roof decoration, leads to the conclusion that the akroteria in question were part of an old, local tradition. At the introduction in Italy of the Greek tile roof, they became prominent among the earliest architectural terracotta of the Etruscans. Later, they influenced, if indirectly, Etruscan akroteria produced as late as the fifth century B.C.
Bibliographical information
Eva Rystedt 1983. Acquarossa. Results of excavations conducted by the Swedish Institute of Classical Studies at Rome and the Soprintendenza alle Antichità dell’Etruria Meridionale vol. 4. Early Etruscan akroteria from Acquarossa and Poggio Civitate (Murlo) (Skrifter utgivna av Svenska institutet i Rom-4°, 38:4), Gothenburg. ISSN 0081-993X. ISBN 9789170420955.
Vol. 5. The head antefixes and relief plaques
Fasc. 1. A reconstruction of a terracotta decoration and its architectural setting
By Margareta Strandberg Olofsson
Abstract
The presentation is divided into seven chapters. 1. Introduction briefly presents the Etruscan site Acquarossa. Zond F, one of the excavation areas, and its remains of architecture and architectural terracottas are introduced. The possibilities and problems of a reconstruction are mentioned together with the method used and the order of presentation. 2. The material describes the architectural remains in Zone F and discusses alternatives for interpretation, especially as regards the two main buildings. The head antefixes and the four types of relief plaques are described and introduced as another basis for the reconstruction of the builidings. 3. Providing the facts gives an account of the methods used for the excavation and recording and for the piecing together of the terracottas. Weight as a means of quantifying the fragmentary material is briefly presented. 4. Processing the facts discusses the later disturbances in the area. It also presents methods for establishing the minimum original amount of material. The distribution of the fragments of the antefixes and the four types of relief plaques is discussed both collectively within each type and individually, according to how the fragments form units. Aspects of manufacture and colouring are also taken into consideration. The results arrived at are used for a reconstruction of the placement of the terracotta decoration. The chapter ends with a note on the computer-processsbility of archaeological material of this kind. 5. The reconstruction. A summary relates the different steps towards a reconstruction and describes the reconstruction itself. Two porticoed buildings at right angles to each other enclose an open area on two sides, without meeting in the corner. The building in the east has its ridgepole parallel to the row of columns. It is decorated with antefixes along the edge of the roof and with a row of relief plaques of the type with Herakles and the Cretan bull. The building in the north turns its gable to the open area. It is decorated on the raking edges of its main roof with plaques of two types: in the west the type with Herakles and the Cretan bull, in the east the type with Herakles and the Nemean lion. The gable has an inserted roof with antefixes along the edge. Plaques of the types with banquet and dancing scenes decorate the edge of the inserted roof below the antefixes and the architrave above the columns. 6. The decorated buildings in their context discusses how the reconstruction affects previous views of the building complex and of possible parallels at other sites. 7. Formalized catalogue of the fragments presents the principles for the catalogue and describes the fragments accordingly.
Bibliographical information
Margareta Strandberg Olofsson 1984. Acquarossa. Results of excavations conducted by the Swedish Institute of Classical Studies at Rome and the Soprintendenza alle Antichità dell’Etruria Meridionale vol. 5. The head antefixes and relief plaques fasc. 1. A reconstruction of a terracotta decoration and its architectural setting (Skrifter utgivna av Svenska institutet i Rom-4°, 38:5:1), Gothenburg. ISSN 0081-993X. ISBN 9789170420979.
Vol. 6. The roof-tiles
Fasc. 1. Catalogue and architectural context
Abstract
This book is the first part of the publication of Archaic Etruscan roof-tiles found at Acquarossa. As well as pan-tiles, cover-tiles and ridge-tiles, two further terracotta categories are treated; antefixes and simas, both of which are structurally part of the roof itself. The material is presented zone by zone, category by category. As far as antefixes and simas are concerned, every fragment found is published, and this is also the case for the great majority of the ridge-tiles. Pan-tiles and cover-tiles are represented by complete or almost complete specimens and by samples illustrating various phenomena – altogether making approximately 1.5% of the material found. This first part of the volume also contains syntheses of the architectural terracottas found in every zone, and an attempt to assign them to particular buildings. In a number of cases (notably Zones B, F and G), these arguments lead to fundamental reinterpretations of the architectural context. Conclusions on typology and technical features are to be found in Part 2.
Bibliographical information
Örjan Wikander 1986. Acquarossa. Results of excavations conducted by the Swedish Institute of Classical Studies at Rome and the Soprintendenza alle Antichità dell’Etruria Meridionale vol. 6. The roof-tiles fasc. 1. Catalogue and architectural context (Skrifter utgivna av Svenska institutet i Rom-4°, 38:6:1), Gothenburg. ISSN 0081-993X. ISBN 9789170421167.
Fasc. 2. Typology and technical features
Abstract
This book is the second part of the publication of Archaic Etruscan roof-tiles found at Acquarossa. While Part 1 presents the terracotta material zone by zone, Part 2 contains syntheses of the typologies of separate categories (Ch. I), the distribution of terracottas on various roofs (Ch. II), technical features including the placement on the roofs and the collapse of tiled roofs (Ch. III), plastic and painted decoration (Ch. IV), and the conclusions that can be drawn concerning the relative and absolute chronology of the Acquarossa roofs, as well as a tentative sketch of the introduction and early diffusion of tiled roofs in Central Italy (Ch. V).
Bibliographical information
Örjan Wikander 1993. Acquarossa. Results of excavations conducted by the Swedish Institute of Classical Studies at Rome and the Soprintendenza alle Antichità dell’Etruria Meridionale vol. 6. The roof-tiles fasc. 2. Typology and technical features (Skrifter utgivna av Svenska institutet i Rom-4°, 38:6:2), Gothenburg. ISSN 0081-993X. ISBN 9789170421440.
Vol. 7. Trial trenches, tombs and surface finds
By Leni Wendt, Maja-Brita Lundgren, Paavo Roos, Eva Rystedt, Margareta Strandberg Olofsson & Claes B. Persson
Abstract
This volume contains a selection of the finds and the architectural features found in the trial trenches excavated on the Acquarossa plateau and on the plateau of Monte Piombone from 1966 to 1978, as well as surface finds from the plateaux and from the surroundings of Acquarossa. Apendices on the osteological material, the flints and a column base found on the site are included. Nine chamber tombs situated on the plateau of San Cataldo are published. The material from the tombs ranges in date from the Archaic to the early Roman period. A Roman tomb of the alla cappucina type is also published. Forty-two fragments of relief plaques of types different from those published from Zone F are presented. A short survey of the urbanistic development is included, as well as a systematic bibliography of the site.
Contents
Charlotte Wikander & Örjan Wikander, ‘Bibliography of Acquarossa’
Leni Wendt & Maja-Brita Lundgren, ‘Trial trenches and surface finds’
Massimo Pennachioni, ‘Appendix 1. Nota sui materiali litici da Acquarossa’
Antonio Tagliacozzo, ‘Appendix 2. I resti faunici di Acquarossa’
Luca Bondioli, Roberto Macchiarelle & Loretana Salvadei, ‘Appendix 3. Consistenza numerica e morfologia dei reperti scheletrici umani provenienti dalla necropoli protostorica di Prato Campa, Viterbo’
Lars Karlsson, ‘Appendix 4. A column base from Acquarossa’
Paavo Roos, ‘The tombs of San Cataldo’
Eva Rystedt, ‘A Roman tomb in the Campo di Pozzi area’
Margareta Strandberg Olofsson, ‘The repertoire of mould-made terracottas at Acquarossa’
Claes B. Persson, ‘The field architect’s urbanistic notes’
Bibliographical information
Leni Wendt, Maja-Brita Lundgren, Paavo Roos, Eva Rystedt, Margareta Strandberg Olofsson & Claes B. Persson 1994. Acquarossa. Results of excavations conducted by the Swedish Institute of Classical Studies at Rome and the Soprintendenza alle Antichità dell’Etruria Meridionale vol. 7. Trial trenches, tombs and surface finds (Skrifter utgivna av Svenska institutet i Rom-4°, 38:7), Gothenburg. ISSN 0081-993X. ISBN 9789170421488.
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